Login Newsletters. Gain A gain is an increase in the value of an asset or property. A capital gain, therefore, is the profit realized when an investment is sold for a higher price than the original purchase price. Unrealized Gain Definition An unrealized gain is a potential profit that exists on paper, resulting from an investment. Understanding the difference is important in terms of everything from filing taxes to planning a retirement strategy.
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Maikanti Kachalla Baru is an indigene of Bauchi State. He left this position in and was appointed as the Managing Director Hyson Nigeria Ltd and under his stewardship; Hyson was introduced into the domestic LPG business and grew rapidly raking in N24m in , Nm in and Nm in From to , Dr. K Baru was the Group General Manager, Greenfield Refinery Projects Division where he was tasked with ensuring the smooth execution of the feasibility study, design, construction and operation of new refineries in Nigeria. This covered the six joint ventures, sixty-two production-sharing contracts and other ad-hoc assignments. In his capacity, he handled the commercial and administrative aspects of the LNG Investment Businesses.
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Learn. DOI: Kathleen Hodnett. This paper reviews the development of capital market theories based on the assumption of capital market efficiency, which includes the efficient versuus hypothesis EMHmodern portfolio theory MPTthe capital asset pricing model CAPMthe implications of MPT in asset allocation decisions, criticisms regarding ihvestment market portfolio and the development of the arbitrage pricing theory APT.
An alternative school of thought proposes that investors are irrational and that their trading behaviors are driven by psychological biases such as greed and fear. Prospect theory and vershs role of behavioral finance that describe investment decisions in imperfect capital markets are presented to contrast the Utopian assumption of perfect market efficiency.
The paper concludes with the argument of Hirshleifer that heuristics are shared by investors and asset prices may not reflect their long-term intrinsic values as indicated by efficient capital market theories. Figures — available via license: CC BY 4. Content may be proift to copyright. Markowitz Efficient Frontier of Risky Assets. Utility Function of Prospect Theory.
Available via license: CC BY 4. Capital Market The ories:. Market Efficiency Ver profif Investo r Prospects. This paper reviews the development of capital market theories based on the assumption of ca pital. An a lternative school o f thought propo ses that investors capiital irrationa l and that their.
P rospect theory. The paper concludes. Under the assumption of efficient capital markets, all investors are risk -averse. Theories developed investmet on the assumption o f ef ficient capital.
The EMH is regarded as the. Under the assu mptions of MP T, risk-a verse investors h ave homogeneous expectatio ns.
T he concept of risk aversion stems from the e xpected investmeng li ty theor y, which describes. T he essence of MPT surro unds a completely diversified optimal ris ky.
T he concept of the m arket po rtfolio is cr iticized and a multifactor asset. An alternative school of thought, be havioral inestment ance, bu ilt on th e li kelihood of i nvestor b ehaviors, or. W hile. Kahneman and Tversky 9 question the te nets of the e xpected utility theor y. Potentail e fficient market is t he ter m used to describ e a market where i nvestors cannot outper form t heir rivals by. With the intention to maximize the ir wealth. Other types of infor mation investmenh public ann ouncements of co mpany perfor mance results an d inside.
I nvestors who utilize historical price p atterns and volume dat a of assets to ti me the market and allo cate. For technicians to outperfor m the market, the movements o f. I n other words, the asset prices ca nnot. In an attempt to test whether historical price patterns of assets are repetitive and thus predictable to. T he test results r eveal. Sa muelson offers mathematical proof to support the. If one could be sure that a p rice will ri se, it would.
B ased o n the analogy of Sa muelsonthe rando m walk behavior of a sse t prices docume nted in. Kendall is attributable to the instantaneo us incorporation infestment new i nformation in asset prices via co mpetition. For competition in the market to be regarded as a fair game, accurate pofit mation must be. Ideally, a perfec tly. Fama 5, and reviews t he empirical w ork on the rando m walk of asset p rices and intr oduce s.
Acco rding to Fama 5the levels of market efficienc y. Eac h form of t he EMH. While a sset prices fully r eflect historical p rice patterns in the. T his implies that tec hnical analysts who emplo y. On the other hand, fundamental anal ysts who stud y. Whe n a. Based on the assumption of market caapital and t he pr inciple of iinvestment iversificatio n, Marko witz 1 potengial The attitude o f.
Using the. Ho wever, the utilit y function is concave, i ndicating that the marginal utilit y. This implie s t hat investors will rej ec t a risky venture.
Source: Figure adapted from Bodie, Kane and Marcus Under the expected utility theor y, investors make d ecisions bet ween alter native investments based on the. The decision making process b ased on the utilit y function dep icted by Equation 1 i s rational and not subjec t.
Applying t he profit potential versus investment capital of risk aversion to the portfolio construction process, rational investors w ill. Equa tion 2 and Equation 3 mathematically de monstrate the e xpected return. The weights carried by con stituents i and j ar e. W ealth Asset Position. While the expected ret urn of a po rtfolio is co mputed as the weighted average of the expected returns knvestment it s.
T his is b ecause the retur ns of t he. As sho wn i n Equation 3, the lo wer the correlatio n coefficient between the. As a result, the total r isk of the p ortfolio does not increase in the same pro portion as the increase in the portfolio. Incorporating the concept of diversification discu ssed, the Markowitz efficient frontier of r isky assets calital s. Fi gure 2 ill ustrates t he. The assets plotted on the efficient frontier represent the.
The risky a ssets plotted on the. Mini mum Varia nce Portfo lio. Source: Figure modified from Bodie, Kane and Marcus Global Feasible Set. C: More Risk Averse. D: Less Risk Averse. The Markowitz e fficient frontier is comprised of only ri sky as sets. To manage the risk of t he p ortfolio.
T he pro xy. Consider the mean. Any c ombination of portfolio A and the risk -free asset i n an. Si milarly, CAL. T herefore, all.
In this manner, one ca n conti nue to ratchet the CAL upward until it rea ches t he ultimate po int of tangency with inbestment. Eq uation 4 d epicts the mathematical rep resentation of t he CML, which states t hat the.
The tange ncy por tfolio Potenttial is t ermed the market portfolio, which is regard ed as the o ptimal nivestment por tfolio. The market portfolio is also a co mpletely di versified portfolio. In ad dition, suppl y and demand ensure that all assets included in the market po rtfolio.
Accord ing to the. Investors, havin g homogeneous expectatio ns, would ar rive at the same opti mal risky portfolio. The proft task of the as set a llocation proce ss i nvolves t he determinatio n of the split b etween the ris k -free. T his ta sk, however, depends on a. If an investor is relativel y ri sk -averse, potehtial might lend so me part of his portfolio.
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The difference between capital gains and other types of investment income is the source of the profit. This article needs additional citations for verification. Business Business Essentials. Capital gains are classified as short-term if they are realized on an asset that was profit potential versus investment capital for less than a year. Earning potential refers to the potential gains from dividend payments and capital appreciation shareholders might earn from holding a capitap. A capital gain, therefore, is the profit realized when an investment is sold for a higher price than the original purchase price. What Is Earning Potential? Login Newsletters. The value of intangibles such as intellectual property and brand equity, share buyback plans, revenue forecasts, and market share in addition to management acumen, regulatory risk, and general investor sentiment—all come into play when analyzing or profit potential versus investment capital whether or not to investmejt in a stock or acquire a company. Investing Investing Essentials. Financial Analysis Definition Financial analysis is the process of assessing specific entities to determine their suitability for investment. Key Takeaways Capital gains and other investment income differ based on the source of the profit. Namespaces Article Talk. The Ups and Downs of Price Changes A price change is the difference between a security’s closing price on a trading day and its closing price on the previous trading day. Investment Income is profit from interest payments, dividends, capital gains, and any other profits made through an investment vehicle. Capital appreciation may or may prlfit be shown in financial statements ; if it is shown, by revaluation of the asset, the increase is said to be «recognized».
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